A 52 year-old man was noted to have shoulder and hip weakness, more pronounced on the right side, following an aortic valve repair.

The area between two vascular territories is known as a watershed. Watershed infarcts typically occur following reduced perfusion pressure, often secondary to cardiac events or severe bleeding. In those cases, they are usually bilateral. When a watershed infarct is seen unilaterally, this is usually due to hemodynamic narrowing of a proximal artery without intact collateral vessels (e.g., an incomplete circle of Willis), with or without superimposed hypotension. Most commonly, these involve the distal territory of the carotid artery. Thus, if a patient has severe, hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis, then ischemia first occurs between the terminal territories of the middle and anterior cerebral arteries on that side. In the current case, if one looks at the image on the right, one can see that the watershed area on the left side of the brain is much more affected than that on the right side, which may be secondary to superimposed carotid artery stenosis.

The watershed territory between the MCA and ACA corresponds to the shoulder and hip girdle muscles on the motor homunculus, leading to a characteristic clinical deficit, weakness of the shoulder and hip girdle muscles bilaterally (often referred to as "the man in the barrel" distribution of weakness). There is also a watershed territory between the MCA and PCA. When an infarct occurs in this territory, patients typically develop bilateral cortical visual abnormalities, among them cortical blindness, Anton's syndrome (cortical blindness with denial/confabulation) and Balint's syndrome (asimultagnosia, optic ataxia, and gaze apraxia). Lastly, a watershed area exists between deep and superior cortical vessels. Most often, this is in the basal ganglia / internal capsule areas which are supplied by the lenticulostriates below and the cortical branches above.