Category: Business and Industry

The AMERICAN CHICLE CO., one of the world's leading chewing-gum manufacturers as a subsidiary of the Warner-Lambert Co., was established in New York by Cleveland chewing-gum manufacturer WM. J. WHITE, who merged his company with another Cleveland chewing-gum maker, the Beeman Chemical Co. Working as a confectioner from his Lorain Ave.

AMERICAN GREETINGS CORP. began as a one-man card-jobbing business founded in 1906 by JACOB SAPIRSTEIN, a recent immigrant and son of a Polish rabbi. By 1993 it was the world's largest publicly owned manufacturer and distributor of greeting cards, with $1.6 billion in sales and a net income of $112 million. In the 1930s the Sapirstein Greeting Card Co.

AMERICAN MONARCH, a manufacturer of screws, bolts, pins, and rivets, was formed by a merger of 2 Cleveland companies, Monarch Cap & Screw and American Rivet & Mfg. Monarch Cap & Screw was founded in 1922 as the Cleveland Brake Co. by Frank J. Andel, a young toolmaker from Czechoslovakia. Andel left another company he had founded, the Viaduct Tool & Machine Co.

The AMERICAN SAVINGS BANK, begun as the German-American Savings Bank to meet the needs of produce merchants, was incorporated in 1887 with offices at 220 Ontario St. Later, when the bank expanded into commercial fields, it retained much of its original trade and became noted for its large dividends to stockholders.

The AMERICAN SHIP BUILDING CO., a major designer and builder of vessels for Great Lakes shipping, was incorporated in New Jersey 16 Mar.

AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE CO. See U.S. STEEL CORP.

AMERITECH (AMERICAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES CORP.) is the Chicago-based holding company founded in 1983 to receive all shares of 5 telephone companies: Illinois Bell, Indiana Bell, Michigan Bell, Wisconsin Bell, and Ohio Bell from the divestiture of AT&T.

AMERITRUST, the largest bank in the midwest at one time, was established in 1894 as the Cleveland Trust Co. with $500,000 capital and John G. W. Cowles as its first president. In 1903 Cleveland Trust merged with the Western Reserve Trust Co., and kept their offices open as branches. At that time, Calvary Morris succeeded Cowles. Having outgrown a series of rented offices by 1905, the bank built a new headquarters bldg. at E.

ANDREW DALL & SON was the firm of one of the most important building contractors in 19th-century Cleveland. ANDREW DALL, SR. (1821-1887), emigrated from Scotland in 1852. His son, ANDREW DALL, JR., was born in 1850.

APPLIED INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES (formerly known as Bearings, Inc.) is one of the country's largest distributors of ball bearings, bearing specialties, and power transmissions. Joseph Bruening founded the Ohio Ball Bearing Co. in 1923 as a sales, distribution, and service organization selling mainly automobile and truck replacement parts.

ARABICA cafes have proved to be popular gathering spots for Greater Clevelanders since 1976. Carl Jones opened the first Arabica coffee house that year on Coventry Blvd. (see COVENTRY VILLAGE BUSINESS DISTRICT), and though it was damaged by a fire soon after, it re-opened in May 1977.

ARTHUR ANDERSEN, LLP, is a major accounting firm providing a wide range of professional services in accounting, auditing, tax consultation, management-information systems, and specialty consulting through 358 offices in 74 countries. Established in Chicago in 1913 as Andersen, Delany & Co., it employed 37,000 throughout the U.S. in 1995.

ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES OF CLEVELAND. See EMPLOYERS RESOURCE COUNCIL.

ASTRUP CO., a distributor of fabrics to the awning, marine, casual furniture, and sports industries, was established in 1876 by Danish sailmaker Wm. J. O. Astrup, who had come to the U.S. and settled in Cleveland 10 years earlier.

AUSTIN CO., a firm of consultants, designers, architects, engineers, and constructors located in CLEVELAND HTS., was one of the most important innovators in the construction industry. Among its noteworthy achievements are the Austin Method of "undivided responsibility," the standardization of factory construction, and the development of the controlled-conditions plant.

AUSTIN POWDER CO. is the oldest manufacturing enterprise in Cleveland. Begun in 1833 by the 5 Austin brothers to produce explosives used in blasting rock to build the canals, the firm opened plants in Akron and Cleveland. Austin Powder Co. Its Cleveland factory, bought from the Cleveland Powder Co. in 1867, at the 5 Mile Lock of the Ohio Canal (under the later Harvard-Denison Bridge), blew up in 1907.

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. The automotive industry includes the manufacture of automobiles, parts, and accessories. 20th-century Cleveland is part of a nearly worldwide automotive culture dependent on this industry. The city has played a major role in the rapid and revolutionary rise of the automotive industry since the 1890s, largely in the Midwest.

AVIATION. In the 1920s Cleveland emerged as a center for the early development of commercial mail and passenger flight operations, and since that time has become a focal point for the advancement of modern aviation and aerospace technology.

AYRES, LEONARD PORTER (15 September 1879-29 October 1946), a nationally known educator, economist, and statistician, served as Vice President and Chief Economist of the Cleveland Trust bank for 26 years. Born in Niantic, Connecticut, to Milan Church and Georgiana (Gall) Ayres, Leonard was educated in the public schools of Newton, Massachusetts.

The B.F. GOODRICH CORPORATE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER was opened in 1948 at 9921 Brecksville Rd., in BRECKSVILLE.

BABCOCK & WILCOX. See BAILEY CONTROLS.

The BAILEY CO. was one of Cleveland's major department stores and a national pioneer in opening branch operations. Its forerunner was a small dry goods store opened by Lewis A. Bailey and Joseph W. Crothers at Ontario and Prospect Aves. in 1881. By 1899, Col. LOUIS BLACK and Chas. K. Sunshine had assumed its management, incorporating it as the Bailey Co.