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ART. The development of an art life in Cleveland primarily resulted from the efforts of 2 distinctly different groups within the community: the wealthy patrons of art and the artists themselves. The first group consisted of families who accumulated their wealth from industry and commerce; the artists derived mainly from the German community.

The ART CLUB (also known as the Old Bohemians and the City Hall Colony) was founded by ARCHIBALD WILLARD in 1876. The group was initially composed of artists and friends, primarily of German extraction, who met at Willard's studio in the Union Natl. Bank Bldg. to discuss art and draw from live models.

The ART LOAN EXHIBITIONS were special exhibitions held in 1878, 1893, and 1894 to benefit poor relief and to stimulate interest in art in Cleveland. As in the later shows, the women who organized the 1878 exhibition appealed to both local and national collectors for the loan of works. More than 40,000 people attended the event, many on excursion trains from such points as Erie and Toledo. The Loan Assn.

ART, CONTEMPORARY   Contemporary art is a term used for art produced in the second half of the 20th century or in the 21st century.  It is also referred to as the art of today or at times, modern art. Contemporary artists work in a world that is influenced globally, culturally diverse, and constantly technologically advancing.

ARTER & HADDEN, Cleveland's oldest legal partnership, traces its origins to the 1843 partnership of Willey & Cary. Opening an office in the Hancock Block (Superior and W. 3rd St.), George Willey started his law practice shortly after his admission to the Ohio Bar in 1842. He was joined the following year by another recent admittant to the bar, John Cary.

ARTHUR ANDERSEN, LLP, is a major accounting firm providing a wide range of professional services in accounting, auditing, tax consultation, management-information systems, and specialty consulting through 358 offices in 74 countries. Established in Chicago in 1913 as Andersen, Delany & Co., it employed 37,000 throughout the U.S. in 1995.

ARTneo (formerly the Cleveland Artists Foundation) is a nonprofit organization committed to preserving Greater Cleveland's artistic heritage, and to researching and exhibiting the work of Northeastern Ohio artists. Founding director William G. Scheele established the organization in 1984 with support from several foundations and a grant from the Ohio Arts Council.

ASBURY SEMINARY, incorporated in 1839 in CHAGRIN FALLS by the Methodist Conference, offered an advanced secondary education during the mid-1800s. It provided teacher training, business education, and a college preparatory course. The seminary was named for Rev. Francis Asbury, an American Methodist bishop. Rev. Lorenzo D.

The Asian Indian community in Northeast Ohio: some significant highlights

ASIAN SERVICES IN ACTION was founded in 1995 to address the needs of a small but growing Asian American community in Akron. The non-profit agency expanded in response to a refugee stream and soon developed into the largest human services agency in the Asian American/Pacific Islander community (AAIP) of Ohio.

ASIATOWN is a both a business and residential community on the eastside of Cleveland with a high concentration of immigrants and citizens of Asian descent. The majority of the residents are of CHINESE , KOREAN , and VIETNAMESE origin . With a rough geographic range from East 18th to East 40th and from St.

ASSOCIATED CHARITIES, est. 1 June 1900 as Cleveland Associated Charities, evolved from a merger of BETHEL UNION (est. 1867) and the CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY (est. 1881) into the Bethel Associated Charities (1884).

ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES OF CLEVELAND. See EMPLOYERS RESOURCE COUNCIL.

ASSOCIATION FOR THE CRIPPLED & DISABLED. See ACHIEVEMENT CENTER FOR CHILDREN.

The ASSOCIATION OF POLISH WOMEN IN THE U.S.A. was a benefit society begun by local Polish women who preferred to have the dues they paid to the Polish Women's Alliance remain in the Cleveland area. Discussions leading to its formation began in 1911, the first general meeting was on December 12, 1912, and the first association convention met on February 12, 1913.

The ASTOR HOUSE was for many years considered to be Cleveland's oldest structure. Although its authenticity was never established, the hand-cut, chestnut-timbered Astor House was generally believed to have been built in the 1780s as a trading post by the Northwestern Fur Co., a venture associated with John Jacob Astor. The Astor House as it appeared in the early 1900s. WRHS.

ASTRUP CO., a distributor of fabrics to the awning, marine, casual furniture, and sports industries, was established in 1876 by Danish sailmaker Wm. J. O. Astrup, who had come to the U.S. and settled in Cleveland 10 years earlier.

AUSTIN CO., a firm of consultants, designers, architects, engineers, and constructors located in CLEVELAND HTS., was one of the most important innovators in the construction industry. Among its noteworthy achievements are the Austin Method of "undivided responsibility," the standardization of factory construction, and the development of the controlled-conditions plant.

AUSTIN POWDER CO. is the oldest manufacturing enterprise in Cleveland. Begun in 1833 by the 5 Austin brothers to produce explosives used in blasting rock to build the canals, the firm opened plants in Akron and Cleveland. Austin Powder Co. Its Cleveland factory, bought from the Cleveland Powder Co. in 1867, at the 5 Mile Lock of the Ohio Canal (under the later Harvard-Denison Bridge), blew up in 1907.

AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. The automotive industry includes the manufacture of automobiles, parts, and accessories. 20th-century Cleveland is part of a nearly worldwide automotive culture dependent on this industry. The city has played a major role in the rapid and revolutionary rise of the automotive industry since the 1890s, largely in the Midwest.

AVIATION. In the 1920s Cleveland emerged as a center for the early development of commercial mail and passenger flight operations, and since that time has become a focal point for the advancement of modern aviation and aerospace technology.

AYRES, LEONARD PORTER (15 September 1879-29 October 1946), a nationally known educator, economist, and statistician, served as Vice President and Chief Economist of the Cleveland Trust bank for 26 years. Born in Niantic, Connecticut, to Milan Church and Georgiana (Gall) Ayres, Leonard was educated in the public schools of Newton, Massachusetts.

B'NAI B'RITH is the oldest service organization in Cleveland. Ten years after its founding in New York City, Solomon Lodge No. 16 of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith was organized in Jan. 1853 by SIMPSON THORMAN, its first president, Abraham Wiener, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN PEIXOTTO, and Dr. Jas. Horwitz. Montefiore Lodge No.

B'NAI JESHURUN, Cleveland's third-oldest Jewish congregation, was established in 1866 by 16 Jewish HUNGARIANS. Originally Orthodox in ritual, B'nai Jeshurun gradually liberalized and joined the Conservative movement by the early 20th century.

B.F. GOODRICH CLEVELAND PNEUMATIC LANDING GEAR. See GOODRICH LANDING GEAR.

The B.F. GOODRICH CORPORATE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTER was opened in 1948 at 9921 Brecksville Rd., in BRECKSVILLE.

BABCOCK & WILCOX. See BAILEY CONTROLS.

The BACH FESTIVAL each year focuses worldwide attention on the Cleveland area through the interpretation and enjoyment of the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and his contemporaries. Organized at BALDWIN-WALLACE COLLEGE by DR.

BACKUS, JAMES, GILMORE "JIM" (25 February, 1913 - July 3, 1989), was a prolific actor who made a name in television, film, and radio and later authored books that profiled his lengthy struggles with Parkinson’s disease.