The CITY MANAGER PLAN and PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION ELECTIONS for city council members were key features of the City Charter approved by Cleveland voters in 1921.
The CITY MISSION, like 255 similar missions throughout the country, has provided food, lodging, and spiritual guidance to Cleveland's homeless and needy since its establishment in Oct. 1910, when clergy and businessmen led by city welfare director Fred Ramsey invited missionary Mel Trotter to Cleveland.
CITY OF EAST CLEVELAND, OHIO V. MOORE resulted in a U.S. Supreme Court decision (31 May 1977) reversing an Ohio lower-court ruling and overturning an EAST CLEVELAND zoning ordinance that prohibited members of an extended family from living together in the same residence.
CITY PLANNING. Like most American cities, Cleveland began as a speculative venture in real estate. Conceived as the capital of New Connecticut, the city was laid out in 1796 by surveyors with the original Moses Cleaveland expedition. The plat, a faithful reproduction of a New England town, with its characteristic commons, failed to treat either river or lakefront as a public amenity.
The CITY RECORD is the official publication of the city of Cleveland and contains the proceedings of Cleveland City Council. The first City Record appeared with the date of 7 Jan. 1914, and was indicative of the change in city government that year. The premier issue indicated the aims of its compilers: it was to be a public document with no news matter or editorial comment.
The CIURLIONIS LITHUANIAN NATIONAL ART ENSEMBLE was an internationally known group of entertainers formed in 1940 in Vilnius, Lithuania, by Alfonsas Mikulskis. It was organized to keep the nationalist spirit alive in the people despite Soviet and Nazi domination. The Ciurlionis, named after the noted Lithuanian composer Mikalojus K.
CIVIL DEFENSE IN GREATER CLEVELAND can be divided into two distinct periods. It was first activated after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941 to protect the local area from enemy air raids, although it was not probable that German or Japanese bombers would reach America's industrial heartland.
The CIVIL WAR transformed Cleveland from a commercial village to a city dependent on manufacturing. Migrating Connecticut settlers, one historian holds, transplanted their religious, political, and social ideals to the WESTERN RESERVE, including the abhorrence of slavery.
CIVIL WAR CAMPS IN CLEVELAND (1861-65) were situated in 2 general locations. Four camps (Taylor, Wood, Brown, and Tod) were located along or near what is now Woodland Ave., between E. 22nd and E. 55th streets.
CIVIL WAR REGIMENTS of volunteers were raised according to need through "calls" made by Pres. Abraham Lincoln and the War Dept. Quotas were given to each state. The governor of each state, in turn, oversaw the recruitment of troops in military districts set up throughout his state. A variety of regiments were raised in Cleveland, made up mostly of Clevelanders or men from Cuyahoga County.
CIVIL WAR ROUNDTABLES were first formed throughout the country during the 1950s; in Cleveland, John W. Cullen and Kenneth S. Grant founded the Cleveland Civil War Roundtable in 1956. Members research, study, and analyze events and personalities associated with the American CIVIL WAR.
CLAASSEN, EDO NICHOLAUS (1833-12 July 1932) was a Cleveland pharmacist who published more than one hundred articles, most on pharmacological and botanical topics, and assembled an important plant collection. A son of the burgomaster of Hage, Prussia (now Germany), Claassen studied at a Gymnasium and obtained an apprenticeship as a pharmacist.
CLAN GRANT NO. 17. See SCOTTISH HERITAGE ASSN. OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO.
CLAPP, NETTIE MACKENZIE, (22 Aug. 1858-30 July 1935) became the first woman elected to the Ohio house of representatives from Cuyahoga County in 1922, two years after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. She was born and attended schools in Cincinnati, including the Cincinnati School of Art, and became an interior designer and illustrator of children’s books. In 1891, she married Dr. Harold T.
CLARK, HAROLD TERRY (4 Sept. 1882-31 May 1965), a Cleveland lawyer and philanthropist, was born in Derby, Conn., son of William J. and Mary J. (Terry) Clark. He graduated from Yale College with an A.B. (1903) and from Harvard Law School with an LL.B. (1906).
CLARK, MAURICE B. (6 Sept. 1827-9 March 1901) was a Cleveland businessman remembered chiefly as the first partner of JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER. Clark was a native of Malmesbury, Eng., who emigrated to America in 1847 and soon made his way to Cleveland via Boston. In 1853 he married another English immigrant, Mary Clement.
CLARK, MERWIN (5 Nov. 1843-30 Nov. 1864), a volunteer soldier and commissioned Army officer in the CIVIL WAR, was born in Cleveland, attended local public schools, and enlisted in the Sprague Zouave Cadets on 22 Apr. 1861 when the War broke out. The Cadets became Co. B, 7th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving a 3-month enlistment through 12 Oct. 1861.
CLARK-FULTON is a Cleveland neighborhood and Statistical Planning Area (SPA) on the city’s near-west side. It is bounded by Clark Ave. on the north, Scranton Rd. on the east, Daisy Ave. and I-71 on the south, and W. 48th and W. 49th Sts. on the west.
CLARKE, JOHN HESSIN (18 Sept. 1857-22 Mar. 1945), practiced law and rose through Democratic ranks to the U.S. Supreme Court, after retirement crusading for world peace. Born in Lisbon, Ohio, to John and Melissa (Hessin) Clarke, he attended Western Reserve University, earning a A.B. (1877) and A.M. degree (1880). Admitted to the Ohio bar in 1878, he moved to Youngstown in 1880 after practicing law in Lisbon.
CLARKE, MELCHISEDECH CLARENCE (10 Nov. 1889-9 May 1956), known as M. C. or Mel, founded and developed agencies which enabled AFRICAN AMERICANS in Cleveland to obtain insurance and loans. He was the first African American member of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce and served on Cleveland's city planning commission (1946).
CLEAN-LAND, OHIO, formed in 1977 as the Rapid Recovery Program, is a nonprofit beautification program for the city of Cleveland, twice honored by Keep America Beautiful, Inc. Initiated by a coalition of corporations and private citizens, Rapid Recovery organized to enhance 32.6 mi. along the rapid-transit right-of-way. By 1984 volunteers had completed more than 107 projects costing about $2 million along this corridor.
CLEARY, MICHAEL J. (November 12, 1934 - December 31, 2015) was a leader in organizing bodies of collegiate and professional sports, serving as executive director of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA), from 1965-2011.
The CLEAVELAND GAZETTE & COMMERCIAL REGISTER, Cleveland's first newspaper, appeared on 31 July 1818, 22 years after the settlement's establishment. It was a 4-column, 4-page weekly, edited, published, and printed by Andrew Logan of Beaver, PA, in a small shop at 220 Superior Ave. NW.
CLEAVELAND HERITAGE PARKS, located on the east and west banks of the Cuyahoga River near Center St., commemorate the early history of the city.
CLEAVELAND, MOSES (29 Jan. 1754-16 Nov. 1806), founder of the city of Cleveland, was born in Canterbury, Conn. In 1777, Cleaveland began service in the Revolutionary War in a Connecticut Continental Regiment, and graduated from Yale. Resigning his commission in 1781, he practiced law in Canterbury, and on 2 Mar. 1794 married Esther Champion and had four children.
CLEMENS, CHARLES EDWIN (1858-26 Dec. 1933) was an internationally recognized organist who inaugurated the Department of Music at WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. He was born in Devonport, England, where he was the regular organist of Christ Church by the age of 11.
CLEMENT, KENNETH W. (24 Feb. 1920-29 Nov.
CLETRAC, INC., a manufacturer of tractors for military and civilian use, was organized by ROLLIN H. WHITE as the Cleveland Motor Plow Co. in 1916, with capital of $6 million.
The CLEVELAND & BEREA STREET RAILWAY CO. operated the original line of track that evolved into the CLEVELAND SOUTHWESTERN & COLUMBUS RAILWAY.
The CLEVELAND & BUFFALO TRANSIT CO. (C&B), a popular steamship line and later a trucking firm, was established by Morris A. Bradley in 1885 and incorporated in 1892, with Bradley as president. Passenger and freight service was initiated between Cleveland and Buffalo on the "State of Ohio" and the "State of New York," leaving Cleveland from the foot of St. Clair Ave, and in 1896, the "City of Buffalo" was added.
The CLEVELAND & NEWBURGH "DUMMY" RAILROAD CO., the first line to provide city transit by a source other than a horse, used steam engines in its "dummy" cars. The railroad was founded by JEPTHA H. WADE, AMASA STONE, STILLMAN WITT, and Hiram Garretson, with initial capital of $68,000.
The CLEVELAND & NEWBURGH RAILWAY, Cleveland's first attempt at passenger rail transit, linked Newburgh Twp. from the area of DOAN'S CORNERS (E. 105th St. and Euclid Ave.) with PUBLIC SQUARE. The railway was incorporated on 3 March 1834, with capital of $50,000 subscribed by David H.
The CLEVELAND 1914 MARCH FOR SUFFRAGE brought together women and men, native-born and immigrant, black and white, working-class and socially prominent, seasoned politicos and political newcomers from 64 Ohio counties in pursuit of a single goal: passage of an amendment to the Ohio constitution that would give Ohio women the right to vote.
The CLEVELAND ACADEMY was created in 1821, when the trustees of the Village of Cleveland raised over $200 for the construction of a new and larger school. The new 2-story brick schoolhouse, completed in 1822, was located on the north side of St. Clair Ave. On 26 June 1822, the academy was opened under the direction of Rev. Wm. McLean as headmaster.
The CLEVELAND ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (known later as the Kirtland Society of Natural Sciences) was Cleveland's first scientific organization and the forerunner of the CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. The academy was formally organized on 24 Nov. 1845 by JARED P.
The CLEVELAND ACADEMY OF OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE, created during the 1920s as a professional association, has encouraged mutual understanding between public-health agencies and the practitioners of osteopathic medicine to improve PUBLIC HEALTH.
The CLEVELAND ADVERTISER, from its first issue on 6 Jan. 1831, spelled Cleveland without the superfluous a, antedating the older Herald in that innovation by more than a year. It was established as a Whig weekly by Henry Bolles and Madison Kelley, who ran it until 1833, when it was turned over to W. Woodward and converted into a Democratic organ. On 8 Jan.
The CLEVELAND ADVERTISING CLUB, now the Cleveland Advertising Association, was organized in 1901 for the study of all matters related to advertising, to advance the public image of advertising as a positive force in business, to promote Cleveland as an advertising center, and to advance the civic, cultural, and business interests of Greater Cleveland.
The CLEVELAND ADVOCATE was an African American newspaper that flourished during the period of World War I and the great migration from the South. It was established on 15 May 1914 by ORMOND ADOLPHUS FORTE, a native of Barbados, British West Indies. According to Forte, who began working for the M. A. HANNA CO.
The CLEVELAND AGREEMENT was a memorandum of understanding that was concluded in Cleveland in 1915 between CZECH and
The CLEVELAND AIR SHOW is an indirect successor of the NATL. AIR RACES, which were first held in Cleveland in 1929 as a competitive event. The first air show, in 1964 at BURKE LAKEFRONT AIRPORT, was underwritten by Geo. Steinbrenner. Approximately 10 years later a corporation was formed to run the show, Cleveland Natl.
The CLEVELAND AMERICAN INDIAN CENTER, founded in 1969 by Russell Means, a Sioux, helped Cleveland's Native Americans adapt to urban life during the 1970s and 1980s. Cleveland, offering good employment opportunities, became one of 8 relocation centers with passage of the Employment Assistance Program.
The CLEVELAND AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) was founded by RUSSELL MEANS, a Lakota Sioux activist and Objiwa activist Dennis Banks in 1970. Banks had helped found the original AIM in Minneapolis two years earlier and later met Means in 1969.
CLEVELAND ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS have been held regularly to commemorate the landing of MOSES CLEAVELAND on 22 July 1796. Observances have often been modest, consisting mainly of ceremonies on PUBLIC SQUARE sponsored by the EARLY SETTLERS ASSN.
The CLEVELAND ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY, organized in 1833, aimed "to procure the speedy abolition of" slavery, according to its constitution.
The CLEVELAND AQUARIUM was originally located in GORDON PARK at 601 E. 72nd St. and was operated for the city of Cleveland by the CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. It had 50 exhibit tanks, housed in a building which had previously seen service as a bath house and a trailside museum.
The CLEVELAND ARCHITECTURAL CLUB was first formed in the early 1880s, but on 7 Apr. 1887 it was reorganized as the AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, CLEVELAND CHAPTER. In 1894 a second Cleveland Architectural Club was formed by the leading architects of the day, among them CHAS. F. SCHWEINFURTH, Frank A.
The CLEVELAND AREA ARTS COUNCIL was a nonprofit, nongovernmental agency formed in 1972 to serve as a catalyst for the Greater Cleveland arts community. Headquartered first in the ARCADE and later in PLAYHOUSE SQUARE, it was financed primarily through government and foundation grants and did not serve as a funding agency itself.
The CLEVELAND AREA BOARD OF REALTORS, originally known as the Cleveland Real Estate Board until 1971, began in 1861 with local real estate agents meeting to discuss business standards, ideas for local development, and common problems.
CLEVELAND AREA METROPOLITAN LIBRARY SYSTEM. See CAMLS.