The CLEVELAND FREEDMEN'S AID SOCIETY was one of several similarly named organizations that assisted, primarily in the South, the newly released slaves during and just after the Civil War.
The CLEVELAND FREENET began operations in July 1986 through the efforts of Dr. Thomas M. Grundner of CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY to create a free public community computer system, the first of its kind in the world.
The CLEVELAND GATHERER was a weekly newspaper of 6 columns introduced in Dec. 1841 by a partnership identified as Bagley & Fisher. Also known as the Gatherer & Weekly News Scroll, it professed temperance and "independent politics." It was edited by Edward Burke Fisher and managed to survive for at least a year.
The CLEVELAND GATLING GUN BATTERY was an independent military organization formed in June 1878 by prominent Clevelanders concerned about the maintenance of law and order in the face of increasing labor disorders. Although placed on alert several times, the unit was never called into action. A citizens' committee to plan for the battery began after the strikes of 1877.
The CLEVELAND GAZETTE gave local AFRICAN AMERICANS their own newspaper for the first time since before the Civil War. Although founded on 25 Aug.
The CLEVELAND GIANTS were a Negro League baseball team in 1933, members of the Negro National League. The team joined the league mid-season and struggled with a 2 and 14 record.
The CLEVELAND GLADIATORS, a member of the Arena Football League, is the city's representative in the Mitsubishi Eastern Division in the National Conference. The team moved to Cleveland for the beginning of the 2008 season going 9-7 during the regular season and 2-1 in the playoffs, losing the AFL title game to the Philadelphia Soul.
The CLEVELAND GRAND ORCHESTRA was a forerunner of the CLEVELAND ORCHESTRA. CONRAD MIZER, a local impresario, decided after the demise of the CLEVELAND SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA in 1902 to try a series of winter concerts.
CLEVELAND GRAPHITE BRONZE. See CLEVITE.
The CLEVELAND GRAYS were organized on 28 Aug. 1837 as an independent volunteer militia company to bolster the local constabulary and to protect the city in case of invasion from Canada. Originally called the Cleveland City Guards, the membership decided that the organization's name should be taken from the color adopted for their uniforms—gray. Thus, in 1838 the company became known as the Cleveland Grays.
The CLEVELAND GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE GROWERS' COOPERATIVE ASSN. is an organization designed to help the Cleveland-area greenhouse vegetable industry by funding scientific research, providing marketing information to growers, and promoting locally grown products to consumers. The association was formed in 1926 as the Cleveland Hothouse Vegetable Growers' Cooperative Assn.; the name of the group was changed in 1949.
The CLEVELAND HALL OF FAME consists of deceased individuals from the Greater Cleveland area who received national or international acclaim.
CLEVELAND HARDWARE & FORGING CO. is one of only a few present day Cleveland industrial concerns descended from the city's once-numerous wagon and carriage parts manufacturers. Originally started as a small iron works and wagon hardware factory in the late 1870s, the firm was incorporated as the Cleveland Hardware Co. by Samuel E. Brown, Leander McBride, L. Austin, W. H. Stuart, and Myron T. Herrick in 1881.
The CLEVELAND HARMONIC SOCIETY was one of the earliest musical organizations in Cleveland. Organized in 1835 by 7 amateur instrumental performers, its emphasis soon shifted to choral music. In 1837 the society gave a number of concerts under the leadership of G. W. Pratt. A spring concert in 1839 presented 26 pieces, including works by Handel and Haydn.
CLEVELAND HEALTH EDUCATION MUSEUM. See HEALTH MUSEUM.
The CLEVELAND HEALTH SCIENCES LIBRARY was created in Feb. 1965 by Western Reserve Univ.
CLEVELAND HEARING AND SPEECH CENTER, affiliated with CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV (Case), was created in June 1945 from the merger of the Cleveland Association for the Hard of Hearing and the speech clinic at Western Reserve University.
CLEVELAND HEBREW SCHOOLS is a community afternoon supplemental school for instruction in Hebrew and religious studies. The nondenominational school is principally involved in teaching Hebrew to children who do not attend Jewish day schools. It traces its origins to the creation in 1885 of the Sir Moses Montefiore Hebrew School, located at Broadway and Cross streets and known as the Talmud Torah. The school moved to E.
CLEVELAND HEIGHTS began as a hamlet in 1901, was incorporated as a village in 1903, and became a city in 1921.
CLEVELAND HEIGHTS LANDMARKS are of two types, those designated on the national level and listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and those that have been designated locally. The local designations are done by the Cleveland Hts. Landmark Commission, which was created by ordinance in Oct. 1973.
CLEVELAND HEIGHTS-UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS PUBLIC LIBRARY, a school district public library system, had its origins in the 1921 opening of the Cleveland Heights Public Library, first housed in the basement of Coventry Elementary School.
The CLEVELAND HERALD (1925) was the second attempt by ORMOND A. FORTE to found an African American newspaper. Like Forte's Cleveland Advocate (1914-24), it attempted to reconcile the self-help tradition of the older black leadership with the more aggressive tactics of a newer generation.
The CLEVELAND HERALD AND GAZETTE was first published on 19 Oct. 1819. It was the city's second newspaper and, after the death of the CLEAVELAND GAZETTE & COMMERCIAL REGISTER in 1820, its only newspaper for the next 7 years. It was founded by Eber D.
The CLEVELAND HIKING CLUB was organized on 20 April 1919 to promote and encourage hiking for the purposes of health, pleasure, and recreation. The idea for the club originated in March 1919 when Ethel Hampton McCarty persuaded columnist Edna K. Wooley to generate interest in a walking club through Wooley's column in the CLEVELAND NEWS.
The CLEVELAND HOME BREWING COMPANY was organized in 1907 by ERNST W. MUELLER (1851-1931). Mueller, born in Alsenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, emigrated with his family to Cleveland in 1856 and followed his father, Peter Mueller, in the malting business. In 1887 he purchased the Schmidt & Hoffman brewery at Hough and Ansel aves. and started the Cleveland Brewing Co.
The CLEVELAND HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL (May 1856-1917), founded by Dr. Seth R. Beckwith, was the first privately owned hospital in Cleveland. Beckwith took over a 2-story house on Lake St. (Lakeside Ave.) at Clinton Rd. and modified it to accommodate 20 patients, mainly sick and injured employees of the Lake Shore and the Cleveland, Columbus, & Cincinnati railroads.
CLEVELAND HOPKINS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (airport location identifier: CLE) is the primary airport serving Greater Cleveland and Northeast Ohio.
The CLEVELAND HORNETS were the city's representative in the Negro National League during the 1927 season, with offices located at 2286 E. 55th Street. Originally called the Cleveland Buckeyes, the team changed its name to Hornets by mid-season. Cuyahoga Amusement Co., a group comprised of Cleveland businessmen, purchased the Indianapolis ABC franchise at the end of 1926 and moved it to Cleveland for the 1927 season.
The CLEVELAND HOSPITAL ASSN., begun in 1915, failed to gain hospital privileges for African American doctors and freer access to hospital care for African Americans.
The CLEVELAND HOSPITAL SERVICE ASSN. (known after 1939 as Blue Cross), was the forerunner of BLUE CROSS & BLUE SHIELD MUTUAL OF NORTHERN OHIO. It administered the first prepaid hospitalization plan in the U.S. directed to the general public, which was endorsed by the American Hospital Assn., the Cleveland Hospital Council, and the medical profession.
The CLEVELAND HUMANE SOCIETY came into existence in 1873 as the Cleveland Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA). Its formation was due to the work of City Councilman ORLANDO J. HODGE, who in 1871 had succeeded in having the council pass an ordinance prohibiting abuse of animals. JABEZ W.
CLEVELAND HUNTER/JUMPER CLASSIC. See MERRILL LYNCH HUNTER JUMPER CLASSIC.
The CLEVELAND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL (also called the Industrial School and Home) was established on 5 Jan. 1857 as the City Industrial School. The CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY organized later the same year as its fundraising arm.
The CLEVELAND INDUSTRIAL UNION COUNCIL was the Cleveland affiliate of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). In 1933 the drive to organize workers along industry-wide lines intensified after the National Industrial Recovery Act gave workers the right to form unions.
The CLEVELAND INSTITUTE OF ART, a professional school for artists, began as the Western Reserve School of Design for Women, founded in the fall of 1882 in the home of Sarah M. Kimball, 1265 Euclid Ave. Within weeks classes had grown and were moved to quarters in the Case Block. Although its title implied otherwise, the Western Reserve School of Design for Women did have a few male students.
The CLEVELAND INSTITUTE OF MUSIC is a nationally recognized conservatory, which was founded in 1920 by a group of supporters led by Martha Bell (Mrs. Franklyn B.) Sanders and Mary Hutchens (Mrs. Joseph T.) Smith. Classes were first held in the Statler Hotel and then moved to the Hall residence at E. 31st St. and Euclid Ave.
The CLEVELAND INSURANCE CO. was an early banking and insurance company that was organized in 1830 and forced out of business as a result of the great Chicago Fire of 1871. Although the company received a perpetual charter in 1830 to operate as both an insurance and banking business, it functioned solely as an insurance business under the guidance of Edmund Clark and Seth W. Crittenden until 1861.
The CLEVELAND INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL (CIFF) is an annual regional festival of films from around the world.
The CLEVELAND INTERNATIONAL PIANO COMPETITION, formerly the Robert Casadesus Intl. Piano Competition, was organized by the Casadesus Society in collaboration with the CLEVELAND INSTITUTE OF MUSIC to honor the memory of Robt. Casadesus (d. Sept. 1972), the great French pianist, composer, and teacher.
The CLEVELAND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM (CIP) for Youth Leaders and Social Workers, Inc., founded in 1956, is a private voluntary organization that seeks to build international understanding by international annual professional exchanges in social work, community planning, special education, and other human services.
The CLEVELAND JETPORT (LAKE ERIE INTERNATIONAL JETPORT), a proposal to build a new international jetport off Cleveland's shoreline, was first introduced by Mayor Ralph Locher in June 1966. In 1969 Dr.
The CLEVELAND JEWISH NEWS became heir to the tradition of the city's English-language Jewish press in 1964, when it was born of the merger of the Jewish Review & Observer with the Jewish Independent. It could be traced back to the founding of Cleveland's first Jewish newspaper, the Hebrew Observer, by Hiram Straus and Sam Oppenheimer on 5 July 1889.
The CLEVELAND JOB CORPS, founded in 1965, was one of over 100 job-training programs created by the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964; it produced the first program graduates in the country. In two decades, the Cleveland Job Corps trained over 12,000, mostly African American women from out of state.
The CLEVELAND JOURNAL came into existence on 21 Mar. 1903, with the intention of providing an organ for African American business interests. Among the businessmen who founded the weekly were Welcome T. Blue, president of the Journal Publishing Co., and Nahum Daniel Brascher, who edited it during most of its existence.
The CLEVELAND JOURNALISM HALL OF FAME honors figures both living and deceased who have made outstanding career contributions to the local print and electronic media. It was instituted by the PRESS CLUB OF CLEVELAND, which installed 11 charter members at a dinner in 1981 addressed by ABC newsman Ted Koppel.
The CLEVELAND KILTIE BAND was formed in 1923 by a group of Scottish immigrants employed at the Cleveland Fisher Body plant. Originally known as the Fisher Body Pipe Band, the group later changed its name to the Forest City Highlanders. Then in 1945 it took on its present name. It was the city's first bagpipe ensemble, and is now the oldest in the State of Ohio, and one of the oldest in the country.