Neuroimaging in Neurology

   

An Interactive Approach

 

David C Preston, MD
Professor of Neurology

 

Barbara E Shapiro, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Neurology

Department of Neurology
Case Medical Center / University Hospitals
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio


Welcome to Neuroimaging in Neurology, An Interactive Approach. Below is a collection of more than 600 images collected from normal individuals and patients with a variety of neurological and neurosurgical disorders. The goal of this teaching file is threefold: 1) to learn normal neuroanatomy from normal imaging; 2) to recognize the imaging features of the most common and classic neurological disorders; and 3) to learn some key clinical points about each disorder.

Neuroimaging in Neurology is divided into several sections.

The first section is NORMAL IMAGING, which includes:

•  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain

•  MRI of the Spine

•  Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

•  Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV)

•  Computed Tomography (CT) of the Brain

•  Conventional Angiography

For all of the images, the native scan is first shown without labels or pointers. However, all the pages are interactive and have buttons or embedded "hot spots" to point out the anatomy. For the MRI and CT scan slices, if one places the cursor over any part of the image, the anatomic name of the structure will appear. For the MRA, MRV and Conventional Angiography images, the native picture will again appear first. Each image is accompanied by a series of blue buttons, each with a labeled structure. By "hovering" the cursor over a blue button, the structure named on the button will be highlighted on the image in a bright color.

The next section consists of five POWERPOINT SLIDE SHOWS that review normal MRI brain slices (sagittal, axial and coronal anatomy), normal CT brain slices, and normal MRA anatomy of both the extracranial and intracranial circulations. The PowerPoint presentations are an alternative way to review normal imaging and learn normal neuroanatomy.

The final and largest section is COMMON AND CLASSIC CONDITIONS. The emphasis in this collection is on conditions most commonly seen in Neurology and Neurosurgery, and not the incredibly rare or esoteric. On the top of each image is a brief narrative of how the patient presented and the reason that the imaging study was done. Below the narrative is the native image without any labels or arrows. Beneath each image is an explanation of the radiologic image, including the modality, the view, and the pertinent findings. This is followed by a brief review of some of the most important clinical points pertinent to the disorder. In addition, each image has one or more blue buttons immediately below it. By "hovering" the cursor over these blue buttons, different parts of the native image are highlighted with coloring, arrows or labels. As soon as the cursor is moved off the button, the native image is instantly restored.

The interactive approach is used in order to allow the reader to be presented first with the clinical information and native image, and then decide for yourself what is normal or abnormal, and point out to yourself the key findings in the image, before they are highlighted. Then you can use the interactive buttons to see if your analysis of the native image is correct. You will also be able to learn key facts about the radiology and clinical presentations of the various disorders.


NORMAL IMAGING

     •  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Brain

Basics of MRI

Sagittal T1-weighted

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Mid-sagittal (hot spots)

 Mid-sagittal (buttons)


Axial T2-weighted (hot spots)

Cord
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Basal Ganglia
Lateral Ventricles
Centrum Semiovale
Vertex

Coronal T1-Weighted (hot spots)

•   Orbits and Frontal Pole
•  Genu - Corpus Callosum
Anterior Horns - Lateral Ventricles
Optic Chiasm
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Posterior Third Ventricle
Pineal Gland
Splenium - Corpus Callosum
Posterior Horns - Lateral Ventricles
Calcarine Sulcus

Coronal MP-RAGE (hot spots)

Frontal Pole
Frontal Pole / Orbit
Posterior Orbit
Genu of the Corpus Callosum
Anterior Head of the Caudate Nucleus
Caudate and Putamen
Optic Chiasm
Anterior Commissure
Third Ventricle
Mammillary Bodies

MP-RAGE (Magnetization Prepared RApid Gradient Echo) is a rapid gradient-echo technique used to enhance contrast. These are very similar to the T1-weighted images above, but have a higher signal intensity and image contrast that allows for better visualization of anatomy.

Thalamus
Precentral and Postcentral Gyri
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
Splenium of the Corpus Callosum
Posterior Horns - Lateral Ventricles
Parietal / Occipital Lobes
Occipital Lobes
Occipital Pole


  •  Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
    Extracranial
      Arch Study
      Neck Study
 
    Intracranial (circle of Willis)
      AP Projection
      Caudal/Rostral Projection
     

» return to table of contents



  •  Computerized Tomography (CT) - Brain
    Basics of CT
    Axial
      •  Cord
      •  Medulla
      •  Pons
      •  Lower Midbrain
      •  Upper Midbrain
      •  Lower Basal Ganglia
      •  Upper Basal Ganglia
      •  Lateral Ventricles
      •  Centrum Semiovale
      •  Vertex
     

» return to table of contents



Normal Imaging - PowerPoint Slide Shows

COMMON AND CLASSIC CONDITIONS

Degenerative

  Cerebellar Degeneration
 
  Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration
 
  Dementia
    Alzheimer's Disease
    Frontotemporal Dementia
    Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
 
  Huntington's Disease
 
  Spinocerebellar Ataxia
    Case 1
    Case 2 (SCA Type 2)
    Case 3 (SCA Type 2)
        » return to table of contents

Demyelination

  Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
    Case 1
    Case 2
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium Axial MRI
      T2 MRI (spinal cord)
    Case 3
      Axial MRI (day 1 and day 8)
      Axial MRI
 
  Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD)
 
  Multiple Sclerosis
    Initial Presentation
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Advanced Cases
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
        Flair MRI
        T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
      Case 4 - Tumefactive
      Case 5
 
  Transverse Myelitis
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
 
  Toxic Leukoencephalopathy from Heroin
        » return to table of contents

Developmental and Congenital

  Arachnoid Cyst
    Intraventricular
      Axial MRI
      Coronal and Sagittal MRI
    Middle Cranial Fossa
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
    Posterior Cranial Fossa
      Case 1
      Case 2
 
  Chiari 1 Malformation
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Chiari 2 Malformation
    Case 1
      Axial MRI
      Sagittal MRI
    Case 2
 
  Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Dandy-Walker Malformation
 
  Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
    Case 1
      Coronal T1 MRI
      Coronal Flair MRI
    Case 2
      Coronal Flair MRI
      Axial MRI (pre- and post-op)
 
  Midline Cavities of the Brain
    Cavum Septum Pellucidum
    Cavum Vergae
    Cavum Veli Interpositi
      Axial MRI
      Coronal and Sagittal MRI
 
  Neuronal Migration Disorders
    Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Heterotopia
      Case 1
      Case 2
        Axial MRI
        Coronal MRI
    Porencephaly
    Schizencephaly
      Case 1 - Closed Lip
      Case 2 - Open Lip
    Lissencephaly / Polymicrogyria / Pachygyria
      Case 1
        Axial T2 MRI
        Sagittal T1 MRI
      Case 2
      Case 3
        Axial MRI
        Sagittal MRI
 
  Tuberous Sclerosis
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Vascular Malformations
    Arteriovenous Malformations - Brain
      Case 1
        CT
        Angiogram
      Case 2
      Case 3
        CT
        T2 Axial MRI
        Angiogram
      Case 4
        T2 Axial MRI
        Angiogram
      Case 5
        Axial MRI
        Coronal MRI
        Sagittal MRI
        MRA
        Angiogram
      Case 6
        Axial MRI
        Angiogram
      Case 7
        Angiogram
      Case 8
        CT
        Angiogram
 
    Arteriovenous Malformations - Spine
      Case 1
        MRI
        Angiogram
      Case 2
 
    Cavernous Angioma
      Case 1
      Case 2
 
    Venous Malformation
      Case 1
        T1 and T2 MRI
        T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
        Angiogram
      Case 2
      Case 3
        » return to table of contents

Herniation

  Transtentorial Herniation (From a Glioma)
 
  Subfalcine Herniation (From an MCA Stroke)
 
  Midline Shift and Herniation (From a Massive MCA/PCA Stroke)
 
  Midline Shift and Impending Herniation (From a Subdural Hematoma)
 
  Herniation of Brain through Craniectomy Sites
    Case 1 (following trauma)
    Case 2 (following massive stroke)
        » return to table of contents

Hydrocephalus

  Communicating
    Case 1
      CT
      Flair MRI
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Non-communicating
    Compensated
    Uncompensated
      Acute Bleed into a Cerebellar Tumor
      Acute Shunt Malfunction
      Acute Cerebellar Stroke
      Aqueductal Stenosis
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3 (Tectal Glioma)
        Case 4
      Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle
      Prematurity / Prior Intraventricular Hemorrhage
      Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
        » return to table of contents

Infectious / Granulomatous

  Brain Abscess
    Case 1
    Case 2
      CT
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
    Case 3
      CT and MRI
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
 
  Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease
 
  Epidural Spinal Abscess
 
  Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4 (remote case)
      Flair Axial MRI
      Coronal MRI
 
  Lumbar Diskitis and Osteomyelitis
    Sagittal MRI
    Axial MRI
 
  Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
    Affecting Cerebral White Matter
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Affecting Brainstem White Matter
 
  Sarcoidosis
 
  Sinusitis and Epidural Abscess
    T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
 
  Subdural Empyema
    T2 MRI
    T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
 
  Toxoplasmosis
    CT
    T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
 
  Tuberculoma
    MRI Axial
    MRI Coronal
        » return to table of contents

Metabolic

  B12 Deficiency
 
  Calcification of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
 
  Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD)
 
  Mitochondrial Encephalmyopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS)
 
  Wernicke's Encephalopathy
    Case 1
    Case 2
        » return to table of contents

Peripheral Nerve

  Guillain-Bar Syndrome
 
  Lumbar Plexopathy - Lymphoma
 
  Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage / Lumbar Plexopathy
    Case 1
    Case 2
      CT
      Coronal MRI
        » return to table of contents

Spinal

  Anterior Spinal Artery Stroke
 
  B12 Deficiency
 
  Cervical Spinal Stenosis
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Compression Fracture - L2
 
  Epidural Abscess
 
  Epidural Hematoma
 
  Epidural Lipomatosis
    Sagittal MRI
    Axial MRI
 
  Herniated Disk
    Cervical 3-4
    Cervical 5-6
    Thoracic 1-2
    Thoracic 9-10
    Lumbar 3-4
    Lumbar 5 - Sacral 1
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3 (free fragment)
        Sagittal MRI
        Axial MRI
  Lumbar Diskitis and Osteomyelitis
    Sagittal MRI
    Axial MRI
  Lumbar Stenosis
    Spondylosis
      Mild-Moderate
      Moderate
      Severe
    Spondylolisthesis
      Sagittal MRI
      Axial MRI
 
  Neoplastic
    Cauda Equina Compression
    Infiltration of the Cauda Equina
      Carcinomatous Infiltration
      Leukemic Infiltration
      Neurolymphomatosis
        Case 1
        Case 2
          Axial MRI at the L1 Level
          Axial MRI at the L4 Level
          Sagittal MRI
    Extramedullary Tumor
      Meningioma
        Sagittal T1 and T2 MRI
        Sagittal T1 and T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
      Schwannoma
        C1
        C7
        L3
    Intramedullary Tumor
      Ependymoma
    Metastasis to Pedicle
      Sagittal MRI
      Axial MRI
    Spinal Cord Compression
      Endometrial Carcinoma
      Lung Carcinoma
      Melanoma
      Renal Cell Carcinoma
        Sagittal MRI
        Axial MRI
 
  Syrinx
    Case 1
      Sagittal MRI
      Axial MRI
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
 
  Tarlov Cyst
    Axial MRI
    Sagittal MRI
 
  Tethered Cord
    Case 1
    Case 2
      Sagittal MRI
      Comparison to a Normal Spine
 
  Transverse Myelitis
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
        » return to table of contents

Stroke - Ischemic

  Middle Cerebral Artery
    Superior Division
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3 - Remote
    Inferior Division
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Distal Stem
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
        Diffusion-weighted MRI
        CT
    Proximal Stem
     MCA Infarction with Secondary Hemorrhagic Transformation
      Case 1
      Case 2
    MCA Branch
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
    Multiple MCA Branches
    Combined Middle and Posterior Cerebral Infarction
      Case 1
      Case 2 (requiring hemicraniectomy)
      Case 3
      Case 4
    Bilateral MCA
      Diffusion-weighted MRI
      CT
      Angiogram
 
  Anterior Cerebral Artery
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
 
  Distal Internal Carotid Artery
    Case 1 (combined MCA - ACA)
    Case 2 (MCA and spared ACA)
      CT
      Angiogram
 
  Posterior Cerebral Artery
    Branch Infarction
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
        Acute
        Chronic (MRI)
        Chronic (CT)
    Proximal Infarction
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
 
  Posterior and Middle Cerebral Artery - Stroke Evolution
 
  Watershed Infarction
    Middle/Anterior Cerebral
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
    Middle / Posterior Cerebral
    Anterior / Middle / Posterior Cerebral
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Deep Basal Ganglia / Internal Capsule
      Case 1
      Case 2
        Flair MRI
        MRA
 
  Lacunar Infarction
    Internal Capsule
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
    Pons
    Thalamus
    Multiple Lacunar State
      Case 1 (Binswanger's Disease)
      Case 2 (Binswanger's Disease)
      Case 3 (CADASIL)
 
  Brainstem Infarction
    Medial Medulla
    Lateral Medulla / Inferior Cerebellum (PICA)
      Lateral Medulla in Isolation
        Case 1
        Case 2
      Inferior Cerebellum in Isolation
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Lateral Medulla and Inferior Cerebellum Combined
        Case 1
          Flair and Diffusion-weighted MRI
          Dissection Protocol and MRA
        Case 2
          Flair MRI
          Diffusion-weighted MRI
    Pons
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
    Pons and Midbrain
      Case 1
      Case 2
        Diffusion-weighted MRI
        T2 Axial MRI
        CT
    Midbrain
    Multiple Brainstem and Cerebellar Strokes
      Case 1
        T2 Axial MRI
        Diffusion-weighted MRI
        CT
      Case 2
      Case 3
    Cerebellar and Posterior Cerebral Artery Strokes
      Case 1
      Case 2
        Diffusion-weighted MRI
        Intracranial MRA
 
  Atherosclerosis - Large Vessel
    Internal Carotid Artery
      Stenosis
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
        Case 4
        Case 5
        Case 6
      Occlusion
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
    Vertebral Artery
      Intracranial Stenosis
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Extracranial Stenosis
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
    Basilar Artery
      Mild-Moderate Stenosis
        Lateral View
        AP View
      Severe Stenosis
        Case 1
        Case 2 (before and after angioplasty)
    Intracranial Disease
      Case 1
      Case 2
 
    Moyamoya Disease
      Case 1
      Case 2
        Flair MRI
        MRA
        T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
 
  Dissection
    Carotid Artery
      Case 1
        MRA
        Fat Suppression MRI
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
      Case 5
      Case 6
      Case 7
      Case 8
        Fat Suppression MRI
        Angiogram
    Vertebral Artery
      Case 1
        MRA
        Fat Suppression MRI
      Case 2
        T2 and Diffusion- weighted MRI
        MRA
        MRA Source Images
        Fat Suppression MRI
      Case 3
 
  Cardiac Emboli
    Shower of Emboli
      Case 1
      Case 2
    MCA Embolus
    Top of the Basilar
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Aortic Thrombus
 
  Common Locations for Cardiac and Other Emboli
    Anterior Circulation
    Posterior Circulation
 
  Thrombolysis (tPA)
    Case 1 - Basilar Occlusion with Successful Recanalization / Good Clinical Outcome
      Diffusion-weighted MRI
      Angiogram: Pre-tPA
      Angiogram: Post-tPA
    Case 2 - MCA Occlusion with Successful Recanalization / No Clinical Benefit
      Angiogram
      CT (Pre- and Post-tPA)
    Case 3 - Top of the Carotid Occlusion with Fatal tPA-associated Hemorrhage
      Angiogram (AP View) Pre- and Post-tPA
      Angiogram (Lateral View) Pre- and Post-tPA
      CT (Pre- and Post-tPA)
 
  Cerebral Vasculitis
    Case 1 (Left ICA with detailed view)
    Case 2
      Angiogram (ICAs AP view)
      Angiogram ( ICAs Lateral view)
      Angiogram (Left ICA with detailed view)
    Case 3 (HIV)
      MRI Brain
      Cerebral Angiogram
    Case 4 (Right ICA with detailed view)
 
  Hypertensive Encephalopathy (Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy)
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Anoxia
    Case 1
    Case 2
      Diffusion-weighted MRI
      Flair MRI
      CT
    Case 3
    Case 4
      Diffusion-weighted MRI
      CT
           » return to top

Stroke - Intracerebral Hemorrhage

  Blood on MRI: Time-dependent Changes (PowerPoint slide show)
 
  Hyperacute
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Acute
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
    Case 5
    Case 6
    Case 7
 
  Subacute Early
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Subacute Late
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Remote
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
 
  Hypertensive
    Basal Ganglia
      Putamen (large)
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Putamen (small)
      Putamen / Internal Capsule (very small)
      Putamen with Extension to Temporal Lobe
      Caudate
    Basal Ganglia and Thalamus
    Thalamus
      Intraparenchymal
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Extension into the Ventricles
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      CT vs. MRI Comparison
    Pons
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3 - Lateral Pons
    Cerebellum
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
      Case 5
    Lobar
      Frontal Lobe
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Temporal Lobe
        Case 1
        Case 2
 
  Intracerebral Hemorrhage from Anticoagulation
 
  Amyloid Angiopathy
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Hemorrhagic Transformation of an Ischemic Infarct
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Microbleeds
 
  Multiple Intracerebral Hemorrhages
        » return to table of contents

Stroke - Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

  Sentinel Bleed
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
 
  Moderate / Massive Bleed
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
    Case 5
 
  Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
    Case 4
    Case 5
    Case 6
      CT
      Angiogram
 
  Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm and Fibromuscular Dysplasia
 
  Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm
 
  Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm
    Case 1
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation Aneurysm
    Case 1
    Case 2
      CT
      Angiogram
    Case 3 - Giant Aneurysm
      CT
      MRI
      MRA
      Angiogram
    Case 4
 
  Basilar Artery Aneurysm
    Case 1
      CT
      Angiogram
      Angiogram Post-coiling
    Case 2
    Case 3
      CT
      MRI
      Angiogram
    Case 4
      CT
      Angiogram
 
  Top of the Carotid Artery Aneurysm
 
  Internal Carotid Artery - Giant Aneurysm
 
  Vertebral Artery - Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Aneurysm
 
  Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA) Aneurysm
 
  Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Aneurysm
 
  Multiple Aneurysms
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Delayed Complications of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
    Hydrocephalus
      Case 1
      Case 2  
    Vasospasm
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
      Case 5
      Case 6
        Angiogram - AP View
        Angiogram - Lateral View
      Case 7
        Angiogram - AP View
        Angiogram - Lateral View
           » return to top

Stroke - Venous

  Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
    Case 1
      CT
      MRI
        T2 MRI
        Gradient Echo MRI
      Angiogram
        Left ICA Injection
        Right ICA Injection
    Case 2
      CT
      MRV
    Case 3 (Deep Cerebral Venous Thrombosis)
      MRI
      MRV
      Angiogram
    Case 4
    Case 5
    Case 6
      T1, T2 and Flair MRI
      T1 and T2 MRI - Sigmoid Sinus
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
      MRV
    Case 7
      Flair MRI
      T1 MRI
      MRV
        » return to table of contents

Trauma

  Carotid - Cavernous Sinus Fistula
 
  Cerebral Contusion
    Frontal Pole Contusions
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
    Temporal Tip Contusion
    Multiple Contusions
      Case 1
      Case 2
 
  Epidural Hematoma
 
  Multiple Types of Hemorrhage
    Case 1
    Case 2
 
  Pneumocephalus
    Case 1
      CT
      CT (Bone windows)
    Case 2
    Case 3
 
  Subdural Hematoma
    Unilateral
      Acute
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
        Case 4
      Subacute (isointense)
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Chronic
        Case 1
      Acute on Chronic
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
        Case 4
    Bilateral
      Acute
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
      Subacute (isointense)
        Case 1
      Chronic
        Case 1
        » return to table of contents

Tumor

  Choroid Plexus Papilloma
 
  Glioblastoma (GBM)
    Frontal
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
        T2, T1-weighted with Gadolinium, Gradient Echo MRI
        Coronal and Sagittal MRI
      Case 4
      Case 5
        Axial MRI
        Coronal and Sagittal MRI
      Case 6
      Case 7
      Case 8
    Parietal
      Case 1
      Case 2
        Flair MRI
        T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
    Temporal
    Thalamic
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Occipital
 
  Low Grade Glial Tumors
    Case 1
    Case 2
      Axial MRI
      Coronal and Sagittal MRI
    Case 3
    Case 4
      Axial MRI
      Coronal and Sagittal MRI
    Case 5 - Glioma of the Optic Nerve
    Case 6 - Glioma of the Optic Nerves, Chiasm and Tracts
    Case 7 - Oligodendroglioma
    Case 8 - Oligodendroglioma
    Case 9 - Astrocytoma of the Corpus Callosum
    Case 10 - Mixed Oligodendroglioma / Astrocytoma
    Case 11 - Pilocytic Astrocytoma
      Axial T1 and T2 MRI
      Flair and Sagittal T1 MRI
    Case 12 - Pilocytic Astrocytoma
 
  Meningioma
    Solitary
       Frontal
        Case 1
        Case 2
        Case 3
       Frontal - Parafalcine
        Case 1
          T2 Axial MRI
          T1 Axial and Coronal with Gadolinium
        Case 2
          Axial MRI
          Coronal and Sagittal MRI
        Case 3
          CT
          Coronal MRI
        Case 4
        Case 5
        Case 6 (Invasion of the Sagittal Sinus)
          Axial MRI
          MRV
      Frontal Operculum
      Temporal Pole
      Temporal
      Frontal-Parietal
        Axial MRI
        Coronal and Sagittal MRI
      Parietal
        Case 1
        Case 2
      Cavernous Sinus
      Sphenoid Wing
        Axial MRI
        Sagittal and Coronal MRI
      Tentorial
      Clivus
        Axial MRI (Foramen Magnum)
        Axial MRI (Medulla)
        Coronal and Sagittal MRI
    Multiple
 
  Medulloblastoma
    Axial MRI
    Flair Axial, Coronal and Sagittal MRI
 
  Ependymoma
    T2 MRI
    T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
 
  Pituitary
    Microadenoma
      Case 1
      Case 2
    Macroadenoma
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
        Sagittal MRI
        Coronal MRI
      Case 4
      Case 5
      Case 6
    Apoplexy
      Case 1
      Case 2
 
  Craniopharyngioma
    Case 1
    Case 2
      CT
      T2 and Flair MRI
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium MRI
    Case 3
      CT
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium Axial MRI
      T1-weighted with Gadolinium Coronal and Sagittal MRI
 
  Schwannoma
    Trigeminal Nerve
    Cervical Nerve Root and Spinal Cord Compression
    Cerebellar Pontine Angle
    Acoustic Neuroma (CN VIII)
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
 
  Primary CNS Lymphoma
    Axial MRI
    Coronal MRI
 
  Pinealoma
    Axial T1 and T2 MRI
    Axial Flair and Coronal MP-RAGE MRI
    Sagittal MP-RAGE and MP-RAGE with Gadolinium MRI
    Associated Hydrocephalus
 
  Metastatic Disease
    Breast Cancer
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
      Case 4
    Lung Cancer
      Case 1
      Case 2
      Case 3
        Axial MRI
        Coronal and Sagittal MRI
        Chest CT
      Case 4
      Case 5
      Case 6
      Case 7
        Axial MRI
        Coronal MRI
    Lymphoma
    Melanoma
      Case 1
      Case 2
         » return to table of contents

Revised 07/04/16
Copyrighted 2006. David C Preston